d & f Block Elements

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1. The Transition Logic

Foundational rules and configuration exceptions.

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Definition

Elements having partially filled d-orbitals in their ground state OR in any of their common oxidation states.

Gen Config: (n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns⁰⁻²
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The Group 12 Trap

Zn, Cd, Hg

Have full d¹⁰ configuration in ground & ionic states. They are d-block elements but NOT transition elements.

Exceptions

  • Cr (24) [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹
  • Cu (29) [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹
  • Pd (46) [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s⁰
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3. Oxidation States & Properties

Oxidation States

Min O.S.
+2 (mostly)
Max O.S.
ns + (n-1)d

Color Logic

Colorless
Sc³⁺ (d⁰)
Zn²⁺ (d¹⁰)

d-d transition requires unpaired electrons.

Magnetism

μ = √[n(n+2)]

n = unpaired electrons

4. Important Compounds

K₂Cr₂O₇

Synthesis:

Chromite Ore → Na₂CrO₄ (Yellow) → Na₂Cr₂O₇ (Orange) → K₂Cr₂O₇

KMnO₄

n-factor Rule:

Acidic: 5 Neutral: 3 Basic: 1

5. f-Block: Comparison

Feature Lanthanoids (4f) Actinoids (5f)
States+3 mainly+3 to +7 (variable)
ShieldingPoor 4fPoorer 5f
RadioactivityNone (except Pm)All radioactive